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Cotton-topped Tamarins Are Small Primates

Written By Thursday, October 27, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Species of New Globe monkey

Cotton wool-meridian tamarin[i]
Lisztaffe - Cottontop Tamarin - Saguinus oedipus.jpg
The cotton-elevation tamarin

Conservation status


Critically Endangered (IUCN three.i)[2]

CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family unit: Callitrichidae
Genus: Saguinus
Species:

S. oedipus

Binomial name
Saguinus oedipus

(Linnaeus, 1758)
Saguinus oedipus distribution.svg
Geographic range
Synonyms
  • Simia oedipus Linnaeus, 1758

The cotton wool-elevation tamarin ( Saguinus oedipus ) is a modest New World monkey weighing less than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb). This New Earth monkey tin can live upwards to 24 years, simply near of them die by xiii years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton wool-superlative tamarin is hands recognized by the long, white sagittal crest extending from its forehead to its shoulders. The species is institute in tropical forest edges and secondary forests in northwestern Colombia, where it is arboreal and diurnal. Its diet includes insects and plant exudates, and information technology is an of import seed disperser in the tropical ecosystem.

The cotton-top tamarin displays a wide variety of social behaviors. In particular, groups course a clear dominance bureaucracy where only dominant pairs breed. The female person normally gives birth to twins and uses pheromones to prevent other females in the group from breeding. These tamarins accept been extensively studied for their loftier level of cooperative intendance, equally well every bit altruistic and spiteful behaviors. Communication between cotton-top tamarins is sophisticated and shows show of grammatical structure, a language feature that must be acquired.[ citation needed ]

Up to forty,000 cotton-top tamarins are thought to have been defenseless and exported for apply in biomedical research before 1976, when CITES gave them the highest level of protection and all international commercial trade was prohibited. Now, the species is at risk due to large-calibration habitat destruction, equally the lowland forest in northwestern Republic of colombia where the cotton wool-top tamarin is found has been reduced to five% of its previous area. It is currently classified equally critically endangered and is one of the rarest primates in the globe, with simply 6,000 individuals left in the wild.

Taxonomy and naming [edit]

S. oedipus has the mutual names "cotton wool-top tamarin" and "cotton-headed tamarin" in English. Its name comes from the white pilus that spans its head and flows down past the neck.[4] In Spanish, information technology is commonly called bichichi, tití pielroja, "tití blanco, tití cabeza blanca, or tití leoncito.[2] [5] In German-speaking areas, the cotton-top tamarin is commonly known equally Lisztaffe (literally "Liszt monkey") due to the resemblance of its crest to the hairstyle of Hungarian composer and pianoforte virtuoso Franz Liszt.[6]

The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.[ii] equally Simia oedipus.[7] Linnaeus chose the specific proper name oedipus, which means swollen foot, but every bit the species does not have particularly large feet, information technology is unknown why he chose this name. (Linnaeus often selected names from mythology without whatever detail rationale, and he may take used the name of Oedipus, the mythical Greek king of Thebes, more or less arbitrarily.)[8] In 1977, Philip Hershkovitz performed a taxonomic assay of the species based on fur coloration patterns, cranial and mandibular morphology, and ear size. He classified Geoffroy'south tamarin South. geoffroyi as a subspecies of Due south. oedipus.[ix] Subsequent analyses by Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976),[10] Russell Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho (1981),[9] and later Grooves (2001)[11] consider the Southward. oedipus and S. geoffroyi types to exist carve up species.

Some researchers, such as Thorington (1976),[nine] posit that S. oedipus is more closely related to the white-footed tamarin (Due south. leucopus) than to S. geoffroyi. This view is supported by Hanihara and Natoria's analysis of toothcomb dental morphology (1987) and by Skinner (1991), who plant similarities between S. oedipus and S. leucopus in sixteen of 17 morphological traits considered.[nine]

This species of white-headed tamarin is thought to accept diverged from the other Amazonian forms such equally S. leucopus. This is supported by morphological considerations of the transition from juvenile to machismo, during which the fur coloration patterns change. significantly and are similar betwixt the two species.[12] Hershkovitz proposed that the separation of the two species happened in the Pleistocene at the height of the Atrato River, where information technology intersected the Cauca-Magdalena. At that time, the area was covered by a body of water, which created a geographic barrier that caused the species to diverge through the process of allopatric speciation. Today, the ii species are principally separated past the Atrato River.[12]

Physical characteristics [edit]

The cotton-top tamarin is part of the nearly atomic family of monkeys, Callitrichidae, the marmosets and tamarins; information technology weighs 432 g (xv.two oz) on average. Its head–trunk length is 20.8–25.9 cm (eight.ii–ten.ii in), while its tail—which is not prehensile—is slightly longer at effectually 33–41 cm (13–16 in).[12] The species is non sexually dimorphic, the male and female person are of a similar size and weight.[v] Members of the Callitrichinae subfamily (including this species) have precipitous nails (tegulae) on all digits except the big toes, which have the flat nails (ungulae) common to other primates. Tegulae resemble a squirrel's claws and aid with movement through copse.[2] [5]

The white hair on the back of the head and neck inspire its common proper name, "cotton-acme".

The cotton-pinnacle tamarin has a long sagittal crest, consisting of white hairs, from forehead to nape flowing over the shoulders. The skin of the face is black with greyness or white bands located above the eyes. These bands go on along the edge of the face down to the jaw.[13] Tamarins are generally divided into three groups by their facial characteristics: hairy-faced, mottled-faced, and arrant. The cotton-top tamarin has fine white hair covering its face, but they are so fine as to appear naked, thus it is considered a bare-faced tamarin. Its lower canine teeth are longer than its incisors, creating the advent of tusks.[14] Like other callitrichids, the cotton-superlative tamarin has two molar teeth on each side of its jaw, not iii like other New World monkeys.[2]

The cotton-top tamarin has fur covering all of the body except the palms of the hands and feet, the eyelids, the borders of the nostrils, the nipples, the anus, and the penis. The back is brown, and the underparts, arms, and legs are whitish-xanthous. The rump and inner thighs and upper tail are blood-red-orange. The fur is distributed with varying densities throughout the body: the genital region (scrotum and pubic zone), axilla, and the base of the tail take lower densities, while the forwards region is much higher. Many individuals have stripes or whorls of fur of striking coloration on their throats. The cotton-top also has whiskers on its forehead and around its oral cavity.[12]

Habitat and distribution [edit]

A sign in Tayrona National Natural Park in northern Colombia pointing out the tamarin'south endangered condition in the simply role of the world where information technology still exists

The cotton-top tamarin is restricted to a pocket-sized area of northwest Colombia, between the Cauca and Magdalena Rivers to the south and east, the Atlantic coast to the north, and the Atrato River to the westward. They are found exclusively in Colombia; 98% of their habitat has been destroyed. Historically, the entire area was suitable for the cotton fiber-tiptop tamarin, merely due to habitat loss through deforestation, information technology survives in fragmented parks and reserves. I of the virtually important areas for the cotton-top is the Paramillo National Park, which consists of 460,000 hectares (1,800 sq mi) of master and secondary forests.[2]

The cotton-top tamarin is found in both main and secondary forests, from humid tropical forests in the southward of its range to tropical dry forests in the n. Information technology is seldom plant at altitudes above 400 1000 (1,300 ft), but has been encountered upward to i,500 thousand (iv,900 ft).[2] [10] It prefers the lower levels of the tropical forests, but may also be found foraging on the footing and between the understory and the canopy. Information technology tin can adapt to woods fragments and can survive in relatively disturbed habitats. In the dry forests are pronounced seasons. Between December and April, it is dry, while heavy rainfall occurs between August and November which can inundation the forest floor. Across its range, almanac rainfall varies between 500 and ane,300 mm (twenty and 51 in).[5]

Ecology [edit]

The cotton-top tamarin has a diet of mainly fruit (40%) and animal material (twoscore%).[15] This includes insects, institute exudates such as glue and sap, nectar, and occasionally reptiles and amphibians. Due to its small-scale body size and high food passage rate, its diet must be high-quality and high-energy. Insectivory is common in the cotton wool-top and the species hunts for insects using a variety of methods: stealth, pouncing, chasing, exploring holes, and turning over leaves.[14]

Tamarins act every bit seed dispersers in tropical ecosystems. While larger primates eat larger seeds, tamarins eat the smaller ones. The expelled seeds have a higher germination rate than others and ingesting larger seeds may help to dislodge and miscarry intestinal parasites.[5]

The cotton-superlative tamarin is diurnal and sleeps with its social group in trees with foliage cover. The grouping leaves the sleeping tree together an hr later on dawn and spends the day foraging, resting, travelling, and grooming.[5] [xvi] The species is thought to rise belatedly and increases the speed of its foraging and travelling before dusk to avoid crepuscular and nocturnal predators. Its main predators include raptors, mustelids, felids, and snakes.[17] [18] The cotton wool-top tamarin is extremely vigilant, always looking for potential predators. When the group is resting, one individual moves apart and acts as a picket to alert the group if it sees a threat.[five]

The cotton wool-pinnacle tamarin can alive equally long equally 24 years in captivity, while its lifespan in the wild averages 13 years.[v]

Behavior [edit]

[edit]

The cotton wool-top tamarin is a highly social primate that typically lives in groups of ii to nine individuals, but may reach up to 13 members.[two] [xvi] [xix] These pocket-size familial groups tend to fluctuate in size and in composition of individuals and a clear dominance hierarchy is ever present within a political party. At the head of the group is the convenance pair. The male and female person in this pair are typically in a monogamous reproductive human relationship, and together serve every bit the group's ascendant leaders.[19]

Dominant pairs are the only convenance pair inside their groups, and the female generally has potency over the convenance male. While nonbreeding group members can exist the leading pair's offspring, immigrant adults may also live with and cooperate in these groups. This social group in cotton-tiptop tamarins is hypothesized to arise from predation pressure.[20] Cotton-elevation tamarins exhibit prosocial beliefs that benefits other members of the group,[21] and are well known for engaging in cooperative convenance whereby the grouping's subordinate adults assist in rearing the offspring of the ascendant pair. The dominant female is more likely to give birth to non-identical twins than a singleton, so it would be also energetically expensive for but one pair to raise the young.[22]

To forbid younger, subordinate females within the group from breeding, the dominant female uses pheromones. This suppresses sexual behavior and delays puberty.[23] [24] Unrelated males that join the group can release the females from this reproductive suppression; this may outcome in more than one female of the group becoming pregnant, just simply 1 of the pregnancies will exist successful.[25]

Cooperation [edit]

A male person grooming a female as part of the species' cooperative ritual

In cooperative breeding, the endeavor put into caring for the dominant breeders' offspring is shared by the grouping members. Parents, siblings, and immigrant adults share young rearing duties for the breeding pair'south young. These duties include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and fifty-fifty engaging in play behavior with the grouping'south young. Cotton-elevation tamarins display high levels of parental investment during babe intendance. Males, peculiarly those that are paternal, prove greater involvement in caregiving than do females.[26] Despite this, both male and female infants prefers contact and proximity to their mothers over their fathers.[26] Males may invest boosted back up in rearing offspring as a grade of courtship to win the favor of the group'southward dominant female person. However, prove indicates that fourth dimension spent conveying infants does not correlate with a male person'south overall copulation frequency.[27]

Since but one female in a group breeds, heavy investment in infant care ensures that all offspring survive until independence. Accordingly, cotton fiber-tiptop tamarins conduct excessive costs to care for the group'due south immature.[27] [28] Male carriers, especially paternal carriers, incur large energetic costs for the sake of the group's young. This burden may cause some male cotton fiber-tops to lose up to 10–eleven% of their total torso weight.[29] The big weight loss may occur from reduced food intake equally infant-carrying inhibits foraging power for a carrier. The trend of male person-carrier weight loss and decreased nutrient intake is in contrast to the dominant female's periovulatory period, when she gains weight later increasing her own food intake and relinquishing much of her baby-conveying duties.[28]

Altruism [edit]

While caregiving by males appears to exist altruistic, particularly in cotton-top sires, the costs of infant care may in fact exist tolerated for selfish reasons. Namely, the costs to male weight and foraging ability may, in plow, promote consecutive pregnancies in dominant females, thereby providing more offspring bearing the sire'southward genes.[28] Additionally, the cooperative convenance construction of cotton-tops can change with group size and parental experience. Commencement-fourth dimension sires spend a greater amount of time carrying the baby than experienced ones, and in smaller groups, sires do a greater proportion of carrying and feeding the infant than in larger groups, where helpers take on more of the work. Total treat infants remains constant with varying group size, and infant outcome is non significantly different in groups that have differing levels of experience in raising offspring.[30]

Once infants reach sufficient age, they permanently leave the backs of their carriers and begin contributing to the group.

The cooperative convenance hypothesis predicts that cotton-top tamarins engage with this young-rearing paradigm, and in plow, naturally embrace patterns of prosocial behavior.[21] These monkeys engage in such behavior past acting altruistically within their groups in caring for infants, vocalizing alarm calls, and in sharing nutrient. Though some studies signal that cotton-top tamarins have the psychological chapters to participate in reciprocally mediated altruism,[31] it is unclear whether the cotton-top tamarin acts solely using judgments on reinforcement history.[32]

Other studies involving cotton fiber-top tamarins have hinted that positive reciprocity and reciprocal altruism are irrelevant in the prosociality of these primates.[21] Some researchers believe these primates tend to cooperate for selfish reasons and in situations where they incur some benefit for themselves. That is, cooperation in cotton-top tamarins can be better described by mutualism than by true altruism.[32]

Tamarins in captivity have shown the power to distinguish other individuals based on cooperative tendencies and by beliefs. Cotton-tops ultimately apply this information to guide future cooperation. Brief periods of revolt tend to cause swift, irreparable breakups between these primates and their cooperators. To avert this, cotton fiber-meridian tamarins may make economically-driven decisions based on the projected incentives of a potential cooperator.[32]

Spite and aggression [edit]

Despite an expansive array of altruistic behaviors, cotton fiber-height tamarins engage in corking bouts of spite through negative reciprocity and punishment. They have been observed to immediately start denying cooperation with monkeys that deny them benefits.[32] Further, in captivity, these primates are not observed to increase altruistic behavior with swain primates that are committed fully to cooperation. Based on this, researchers believe that repeated interactions in a cooperative society similar that of the cotton-top tamarin tin heighten the chances that an individual will designate behavioral punishments to others in its group.[33] This reaction has also been observed in other species.[34] Nonetheless, these reciprocal punishments, or relative lack of altruistic deportment, may alternatively happen as a result of response facilitation that increases the chances of a cotton fiber-acme punishing another primate after watching that private perform a similar activity.[35]

Dominant females may adios subordinate females from the group out of spite.

Another way to look at punishment in cotton fiber-top tamarins is by observing their aggressive behavioral responses inside and between groups, as well as between species. The cotton-elevation tamarin, like many marmosets, other tamarins, and specifically those in the genus Saguinus, stages aggressive displays nearly exclusively towards beau monkeys that vest to the same gender.[36] These intrasexual displays of aggression are more frequent in females, and are vital when a breeding female is forcing both subadult and adult females to immigrate out of a familial group.[16]

Though assailment can occur within groups, the response towards intruders of another species is much more drastic and can involve a sexual dimorphism in displays. Females typically use scent-marking intruder response tactics, whereas males are more than prone to vocalizing threats, physical aggression, and piloerection.[37] Scent-marking in cotton-top tamarins is washed in two means: either using anogenital scent-marking, or suprapubic scent-marking. The power to use both of these split glandular fields for threat signals may bespeak females have developed diverging evolutionary threats through differential apply of these markings.[37] These variable signals may be used to sign a territorial come across, or serve as a reproductive signal. The intensity of female threats is more often than not comparable when directed at intruders of either gender. In contrast, male cotton wool-tops are considerably more than threatening towards young man males than towards females.[37]

Advice [edit]

The cotton-summit tamarin vocalizes with bird-like whistles, soft chirping sounds, high-pitched trilling, and staccato calls. Researchers describe its repertoire of 38 distinct sounds as unusually sophisticated, conforming to grammatical rules. Jayne Cleveland and Charles Snowdon performed an in-depth feature analysis to classify the cotton-top'due south repertoire of vocalizations in 1982. They ended that it uses a simple grammar consisting of eight phonetic variations of short, frequency-modulated "chirps"—each representing varying messages—and five longer constant frequency "whistles". They hypothesize that some of these calls demonstrate that the cotton wool-top tamarin uses phonetic syntax, while other calls may be exemplars of lexical syntax usage.[38] Each type of call is given a letter signifier; for case, C-calls are associated with finding food and D-calls are associated with eating.[39] Further, these calls tin be modified to better deliver information relevant to auditory localization in call-recipients.[38] Using this range of vocalizations, the adults may be able to communicate with one another most intention, thought processes, and emotion, including marvel, fear, dismay, playfulness, warnings, joy, and calls to young.[twoscore]

Language conquering [edit]

Over the first xx weeks, later on a cotton-peak tamarin is born, information technology is not fully capable of producing the range of vocalizations that an developed monkey can. Despite this limitation on speech producibility, researchers believe that linguistic communication conquering occurs early on with spoken communication comprehension abilities arising first.[39] Infants can at times produce developed-like chirps, but this is rarely done in the correct context and remains inconsistent across the first twenty weeks of life. Regardless, babe cotton-tops are able to respond in behaviorally appropriate ways to varying contexts when presented with developed chirps. This indicates that verbal perception is a rapidly caused skill for offspring, followed closely past auditory comprehension, and later on by proper vocal producibility.[39]

Although limited in their ain song ranges, juvenile cotton-tops respond accordingly to varying contexts provided by developed vocalizations.

Castro and Snowdon (2000) observed that aside from inconsistent adult-like chirping, cotton-top infants almost often produce a epitome chirp that differs in vocalization structure from anything seen in the full developed range of vocalizations. Infants are thought to imitate adult speakers, which utilize differing calls in various contexts, only past using solely the baby prototypical chirp. For instance, adult cotton-tops are known to significantly reduce the amount of full general alarm calling in the presence of infants.[38] This is likely adapted and so that adults in close proximity to the groups young exercise not attract the attention of predators to infant-dumbo areas. Additionally, infants reduce their prototype chirping in the presence of predators. Whether infants are shadowing the calling beliefs of adults or they are comprehending danger remains unclear. Nevertheless, researchers argue that young cotton wool-peak tamarins are able to represent semantic information regardless of young speech product.[39]

To ostend the notion that language conquering occurs as a progression of comprehension before product, Castro and Snowdon (2000) showed that infants respond behaviorally to vocalizing adults in a manner that indicates they can comprehend auditory inputs. When an adult produces a C-call chirp, used to indicate food preference and when navigating to a food source, an babe approaches the adult caller to be fed, but exercise not use the paradigm calling equally a proxy for C-calls.[39] This finding argues for the idea that infants are able to understand vocalizations first, and after learn the ability to communicate with developed vocalizations.

Full general calling [edit]

Amid the typical cotton-top tamarin communicative vocalizations, the combination long call (CLC) and the warning phone call (Air-conditioning) are the virtually heavily represented in the literature. CLCs encompass a range of contact calls that are produced by isolated individuals using chirps and whistles.[38] [41] This type of call is also used for seemingly donating warning calls, thus calculation to its range of cooperative behaviors. It is issued in the presence of kin when a threatening llamas predator is seen. Predators of the cotton-tiptop tamarin include snakes, ocelots, tayras, and most notably, hawks.[20] Early observations past Patricia Neyman fifty-fifty showed that cotton-tops produce diverse sets of alarm calls that tin can discriminate the presence of birds of prey versus ground-based predators.[16]

A mature cotton-top tamarin producing vocalization for grouping mates

CLCs involve the production of complex sequence multisyllabic vocalizations. Researchers have argued that long calls exhibit individual differences, thus can carry information sufficient for recipients to determine caller identity. Using habituation-bigotry paradigms in language experiments, this theory has been confirmed multiple times in literature.[41] [42] However, the individual syllables within a complete CLC vocalization in isolation of each other do not transfer sufficient information to communicate letters betwixt monkeys. Scientists thus consider the whole, intact string of vocalizations to be the unit of perception for CLCs in the cotton-height tamarin.[43] These examinations may confirm that cotton fiber-tops incorporate a lexical syntax in areas of their communication.

Since tamarins tin can discriminate between predatory threats using varying vocalizations, recipients of an Air-conditioning are idea to extract various complex signals from this form of communication. Primarily, cotton-tops are able to glean the identity of the cooperating tamarin through differences in individuals' warning calls.[20] Further, adults are able to discriminate the gender of callers from their ACs and decide the range of calls within a related tamarin'due south alarm calling repertoire.[20] Alert telephone call-based identification is postulated to play a number of functional roles in the cotton-top tamarin. Firstly, an Air conditioning recipient is able to identify a cooperating tamarin, and by recognizing which in their group information technology is, be able to judge the reliability of the AC from by feel. This may arise from a selective force per unit area for existence able to statistically decide the amount of risk nowadays, and how endangered an individual and its group are.[20]

Additionally, being able to localize auditory signals may aid determine predator location, especially in the presence of a 2nd Ac from a dissimilar tamarin in the grouping. This tin assist confirm predator presence, type (east.g. flying versus ground-based), and support the recipient in triangulating a predator's location. In the context of the cotton-top's cooperative breeding groups, this is postulated every bit beingness adaptive for determining the variable gamble to ane's group members.[20] For case, a call recipient is able to determine which of its kin are and are not at adventure (e.g. young offspring, mates, subordinates, relatives, carriers, etc.) and plan subsequent actions accordingly.

Nutrient calls [edit]

The species is thought to vocalize food preference using C-calls and food retrieval and eating using D-calls.

The cotton-meridian tamarin makes selective, specialized vocalizations in the presence of food.[44] These include the C-call, produced when a cotton fiber-pinnacle approaches and sorts through food, and the D-telephone call, which is associated with food retrieval and is exhibited while eating.[38]

C-call chirping is believed to be an honest bespeak for communicating food preference, and a cotton wool-pinnacle tamarin more often and more rapidly vocalizes with these chirps when approaching a highly favored food source. Functionally, this behavior may inform other tamarins of the actions the caller volition take in a feeding context and whether a preferable food source is available.[44] Despite this enquiry indicating that food calls may be informative to young man grouping mates, other observations of cotton fiber-tops show that quantity and distribution of food and audience practice not significantly alter a caller's food-centered vocalizations.[45]

The cotton-top tamarin is seen to produce food calls both in the presence and absenteeism of group members.[45] Additionally, response to food calls are directed back to an original caller contained of visual confirmation of a food source. While this may appear to exist a result of a very archaic course of communication, Roush and Snowdon (2005) maintain that the nutrient-calling beliefs confers some mentally representable information about food to recipient tamarins.

Conservation status [edit]

The wild population is estimated at 6,000 individuals, with 2,000 adults.[2] This species is critically endangered, and was listed in "The Earth's 25 Nearly Endangered Primates between 2008 and 2012."[46] The publication lists highly endangered primate species and is released every ii years by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Committee Primate Specialist Grouping. The cotton wool-top tamarin was not selected for the 2012–2014 publication.[47]

The species is critically endangered, with a wild population of simply 6,000 individuals including virtually two,000 free-roaming adults.

Habitat destruction through forest immigration is the principal cause of this plummet, and the cotton fiber-elevation has lost more than three-quarters of its original habitat to deforestation,[2] while the lowland forest in which it lives has been reduced to 5% of its historical range. This land is so used for big-scale farm production (i.e. cattle) and farming, logging, oil palm plantations, and hydroelectric projects that fragment the cotton-acme tamarin'due south natural range.[48]

The illegal pet trade and scientific inquiry have also been cited as factors past the IUCN. While biomedical studies take recently limited their use of this species, illegal capture for the pet merchandise even so plays a major role in endangering the cotton-top. Before 1976, when CITES listed the species nether Appendix I banning all international trade, the cotton wool-pinnacle tamarin was exported for use in biomedical inquiry.

In captivity, the cotton wool-top is highly prone to colitis, which is linked to an increased chance of a certain type of colon cancer. Upward to 40,000 individuals were defenseless and exported for inquiry into those diseases, likewise as Epstein-Barr virus, for the benefit of humans. The species is at present protected by international law. Although enough individuals are in captivity to sustain the species, information technology is still critically endangered in the wild.[48]

The Proyecto Tití ("Project Tamarin")[49] was started in 1985 to provide information and support in conservation of the cotton-pinnacle tamarin and its habitat in northern Colombia. Proyecto Tití'south programs combine field research, education, and community programs to spread awareness about this endangered species and encourage the public to participate in its protection. It now has partner status with the Wildlife Conservation Network.[50]

In January 2015, two captive cotton-height tamarins at the Alexandria Zoological Park in Alexandria, Louisiana, died when a flagman left them outside overnight in temperatures equally low as 30 °F. One other individual survived.[51] [52]

References [edit]

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Cotton-topped Tamarins Are Small Primates,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton-top_tamarin

Posted by: holmesswuzzy1946.blogspot.com

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